THE SOWERBY PHYSIO FILES -TISSUE ADAPTATION 101

Injury time outs ARGH!  They seem to pervade the sport of triathlon, ruining race plans, creating DNS’s and sending the consistency of training into a complete shambles!  As an athlete when the pain subsides, you are just itching to get back in the game….. 
 
Or imagine another scenario - you have just returned from a glorious offseason of beach time on a tropical island, sipping drinks from cocktail glasses with small umbrellas …. And now with renewed enthusiasm you return back to training….
 
Or perhaps you are new to the sport, or new to one of the three disciplines of swim bike or run, and ready to tackle your training plan and first race.  For example a long time competitive swimmer, moving into triathlons ….
So what do all these scenarios have in common? Apart from likely being periods of high enthusiasm for training, they also represent prime periods for injury risk of the musculoskeletal kind…. the kind of injuries that, as a physio in my former life, had athletes knocking on the door and kept me suitably employed!
 
So, whilst this blog may not be your first choice read if you are in offseason lounging beside the pool, it is my intention that there are some useful gems that you will glean from your time investment here and it will help you avoid ending up in injury rehab or DNS land.
 
So please read on - this is TISSUE ADAPTATION 101. Whilst most of us have a decent understanding of improving cardiovascular fitness, often less thought is given to how your tissues, i.e muscles, ligaments, tendons and bones adapt throughout your training and racing cycles. 
 
It is quite often the case that your cardio fitness (also known as a central adaptation) improves well ahead of your biomechanical (or peripheral) adaptations and your tissues just can’t keep up.  Hello niggles or worse, hello injury.
 
What muscles, ligaments, tendons and bone have in common are they are LIVING tissues with a cellular makeup that changes and adapts to stress.  The concept of stress and adaptation of tissues is not unlike the concept applied to cardiovascular fitness.  For your living tissues to adapt, they must have an appropriate stimulus and then appropriate time to adapt. 
 
Tissues can adapt in both a negative or positive direction. Too little stress and tissues can weaken, resulting in a lower tolerance to stress.  For example after a period of detraining or injury, because of the reduced load, there is often a reduced tolerance to physical stress of the tissues.
 
At the other end of the spectrum, even with some fairly hefty training and resilience in the bank, there is often a breaking point.  An upper limit so to speak for athletes  - based on their genetic make up or biomechanics/ the way they move. Although this is a topic for another day, never fear, what you think is your upper limit may not necessarily be so and there may be steps you can take to extend this!

Figure 1: Tissue adaptations in relation to stress loading

So, armed with some introductory knowledge on tissue adaptation, where to from here?  For now, the message is that positive adaptations in your tissues are forged through appropriate amounts of training stimulus with appropriate periods of recovery.
 
Be patient with the plan set by your coach,  and train with a measured sense of progression - your living tissues of muscles, bones, tendons and ligaments will thank you.
 
The reward for your consistency and patience is more glorious runs with friends, ocean swims with mates and bike rides along country roads.  Awesome!
 
Next up, I will delve into the first of our living tissues, our tendons.  Well, not because they are first on any priority scale but I know of a few high hammy and Achilles tendons having a party out there…  and if you know a few runners or triathletes you probably do too!!

---- Click here to learn more about qualified physio Coach Heidi ----